Bioremediation; diversity; FTIR; microbes; NMR spectroscopy; Raman spectroscopy;TRANSFORM-INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; DESORPTION IONIZATION-TIME; SCANNING TUNNELING SPECTROSCOPY; RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE; MICROBIOLOGICALLY INFLUENCED CORROSION; EXTRACELLULAR POLYMERIC SUBSTANCES
Microbes are the most fascinating group, with huge diversity devising myriad functional applications in the field of medicine, pharmaceuticals, environmental remediation, and industries. Quantitative and qualitative determination of biomolecules and microbial assisted phenomena by spectroscopy is a pioneer approach. It facilitates the study of atomic and molecular geometries, energy levels, chemical bonds, and interactions between molecules and microbes. It produces fingerprints of the microbial species serving to characterize, differentiate, and identify microorganisms, in both the environment and at single-cell level. Spectroscopy-based bioremediation techniques like Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, force spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy have been very well represented and linked with the microbial applications. This review summarizes the traditional spectroscopic techniques used for the study of microbes and microbial-assisted products as well as illustrates its application in the field of microbial diversity and remediation. This will provide an outlook for the intricate characterization and dimension of microbes to be used for effective application in bioremediation.