Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS); Laser wavelength; Plasma time evolution; Plasma shielding effect; Coal;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS; DEPENDENCE; PARAMETERS

In face of the complicated and changeable coal in Chinese power stations, the on-line measurement of coal elemental composition is extremely significant in terms of enhancing the safety and efficiency of boilers as well as lowering the waste emission during operation. In this work, laser induced breakdownspectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to coal quality measurement. Laser wavelength was changed as 355, 532 and 1 064 nm to investigate the influence on coal LIBS features, including plasma time evolution and the spectral lines intensity-time characteristics of different elements. Energy threshold for shielding effect was also tested to verify how it varies with laser wavelengths. Additionally, coal LIBS spectrum was analyzed under different laser wavelengths. It has been proven by experiments that higher intensity of coal LIBS spectrum and energy threshold can be easily achieved when using laser of 532 nm, making it a fantastic energy source for coal LIBS tests. Results of these experiments serve to guide the industrial application of LIBS technology in the field of coal quality measurement.

Nanoparticle; Counterflow flame; Laser diagnostics; Transport;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; LIGHT-SCATTERING MEASUREMENTS; SOOT-VOLUME FRACTION; INDUCEDINCANDESCENCE; TITANIA NANOPARTICLES; PARTICLES; SIZE; DEPOSITION

The transport of nanoparticles in the boundary layer is closely related to particle mixing or deposition. We present an in situ imaging of TiO2 particle volume fraction near gas stagnation plane in a counterflow flame by recently developed phase-selective laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy technique. The concentration boundary layer is well resolved with a spatial resolution of 10 pm. Together with a numerical analysis of particle transport equation, the roles of convection, diffusion and thermophoresis are discussed. The calculated profile of particle volume fraction agrees well with experimental measurements, which indicates that current model of nanoparticle transport is capable to quantitatively predict the concentration profile in boundary layers. Further study shows that altering thermophoretic velocity shifts the concentration boundary layer but does not change the shape of concentration profile. The decaying slope is mainly controlled by diffusion process that is dependent on particle size.

VICTORIAN BROWN-COAL; FIXED-BED REACTOR; ASH DEPOSITION; ALKALI REMOVAL; ATOMIC SODIUM; SORBENTS; GASIFICATION; TEMPERATURE; MECHANISMS; CORROSION

Zhundong coal represents a large portion of China's future energy supply, because of the large reserve capacity. Although Zhungdong coal has low ash and good ignition characteristics, it also contains large amounts of sodium, which can foul and corrode heat-transfer surfaces. For economically viable use of Zhundong coal or other high-alkali coals, the alkali release must be mitigated prior to or within the burner. This can be done either by washing the coal,, using sorbents to trap the sodium, or a combination of these methods. Additive influence on the release of sodium over the entire coal combustion process was measured using a calibrated laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. The additives used were alumina, silica, and five mineral sorbents comprising blends of silica, alumina, and various other inorganic compounds; different coal/sorbent ratios were assessed (1%, 3%, and 5% additive, by weight). During the three stages of sample coal combustion, it was found that the first stage, devolatilization, releases only similar to 1.2% of the total sodium; the char combustion stage releases similar to 28% of the total sodium; and the ash stage releases the vast majority of sodium (similar to 70%). The peak instantaneous release rate occurs during the char combustion stage. The sodium retention efficiency for all of the sorbents tested was lowest during the devolatilization stage and there was no appreciable change to the duration of the stage. Sodium retention efficiency was greatest in the ash stage, primarily due to the sheer amount of sodium released during this stage. The ash stage was effectively shortened, in proportion to the retention efficiency of the sorbent. The sodium release during the char combustion stage showed an obvious difference in profile for the various types of sorbent tested. Alumina was the least effective in reducing sodium release and retained the characteristic shape of sodium release from raw coal during this stage. Silica and sepiolite demonstrated similar sodium release profiles, which were markedly different than the sodium release profiles of either alumina or aluminosilicate mineral samples. Time-resolved sodium retention plots show an enhancement in the sodium retention by alumina during the char burnout. The addition of sodium sorbent to the coal extended the duration of the char burnout stage, which may indicate that the reduction of available sodium reduces the alkali catalysis of the char decomposition.