Titanium dioxide; Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy; White chickpea; Partial least square analysis;INDUCED BREAKDOWN SPECTROSCOPY; PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY; EMISSION-SPECTROMETRY; FOOD; NANOPARTICLES; PARTICLES; PRODUCTS; LIBS; CELLS

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a widely used additive in foods. However, in the scientific community there is an ongoing debate on health concerns about TiO2. The main goal of this study is to determine TiO2 content by using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). To this end, different amounts of TiO2 was added to white chickpeas and analyzed by using LIBS. Calibration curve was obtained by following Ti emissions at 390.11 nm for univariate calibration, and partial least square (PLS) calibration curve was obtained by evaluating the whole spectra. The results showed that Ti calibration curve at 390.11 nm provides successful determination of Ti level with 0.985 of R-2 and 33.9 ppm of limit of detection (LOD) value, while PLS has 0.989 of R-2 and 60.9 ppm of LOD. Furthermore, commercial white chickpea samples were used to validate the method, and validation R-2 for simple calibration and PLS were calculated as 0.989 and 0.951, respectively.

Lithium; Toxic level; LIES; Meat;QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; MEAT-PRODUCTS; LITHIUM; SODIUM; MEATBALLS; ADULTERATION; SPECTROMETRY; CONTAMINANTS; ABSORPTION; REDUCTION

The use of Li salts in foods has been prohibited due to their negative effects on central nervous system; however, they might still be used especially in meat products as Na substitutes. Lithium can be toxic and even lethal at higher concentrations and it is not approved in foods. The present study focuses on Li analysis in meatballs by using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Meatball samples were analyzed using LIBS and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. Calibration curves were obtained by utilizing Li emission lines at 610 nm and 670 nm for univariate calibration. The results showed that Li calibration curve at 670 nm provided successful determination of Li with 0.965 of R-2 and 4.64 ppm of limit of detection (LOD) value. While Li Calibration curve obtained using emission line at 610 nm generated R-2 of 0.991 and LOD of 22.6 ppm, calibration curve obtained at 670 nm below 1300 ppm generated R-2 of 0.965 and LOD of 4.64 ppm.